Shiekh, A. Generative AI in Urdu: Who Is Building for Pakistan’s Native Language? Urdu Is Spoken by Roughly 230 Million People, Yet It Makes up a Sliver of the Text the world’s AI Models Are Trained On. A student’s Side Project, a Telecom-Backed Government MOU, and a Two-Decade-Old University Lab Are Each Trying to Close That Gap — on Their Own. PakTech 2026, 1, 261-263.