A. Shiekh, “Generative AI in Urdu: Who Is Building for Pakistan’s Native Language? Urdu is spoken by roughly 230 million people, yet it makes up a sliver of the text the world’s AI models are trained on. A student’s side project, a telecom-backed government MOU, and a two-decade-old university lab are each trying to close that gap — on their own”., PakTech, vol. 1, no. 10, pp. 261–263, Jul. 2026.