S. Malik, “Is Pakistan Ready to Export AI, or Just the Talent That Builds It Abroad? Pakistan’s National AI Policy talks about sovereign models and export revenue; meanwhile roughly 11,000 engineers left the country for work in a single year, and the industry’s own leaders warn that AI training budgets risk turning into brain-drain subsidies unless retention is built in from day one”., PakTech, vol. 1, no. 11, pp. 292–294, Jul. 2026.